Learning Team Objective Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Objective Essay During weeks four and five, we learned all about methods a company can have a picture of their overall fiscal rankings. A few of the subjects dealt with include using a report of cash flows to observe the coming in and going out of cash, assessing fiscal reports, the way to report the issuance of the various kinds of stock and dividend payments, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act influence. A report of cash flows indicates the receipt and payment of cash for the organization. The direct method is desired by the FASB, even though both ways are acceptable, and shows cash receipts and payments in operations whereas the indirect method changes net income which does not influence cash. To get commenced with a report of cash flows, the organization must change its net income from an accrual basis to a cash basis. Ultimately, an organization may decide their free cash flow to find out the amount of money is remaining after adjustments for capital expenses and dividends have been completed. The 3 methods of assessment are the horizontal, vertical, and ratio analysis. Horizontal assesses the fiscal report data during a period of time. This decides the increase or reduction which has occurred. Vertical analysis reports every item like a percent of base sum. This decides what amount of the total assets are existing assets or what amount of the net sales are selling expenditures. Ratio analysis reports the connection amongst the chosen items of the reports. This decides liquidity of assets, profits of the organization, and the solvency ratio informs if the organization is likely to survive over a long interval of time. Investors are able to use the cash flow report to find out if the organization has adequate cash to increase operations and pay dividends. The organization may use the information in the cash flow report to assess the effectiveness of operations. Cash flow from funding activities shows any modifications in debt, loans, or dividends. Issuing stock or rising long-term borrowing is actually a cash inflow. Paying dividends or decreasing liability is a cash outflow. Moreover, cash flow from operating activities calculates the modifications in cash flows from operations needing a calculation of the modifications in account balances in the balance sheet between accounting intervals. Scenarios may happen which result in unethical accounting routines because of lacking in the financial controls set down and followed by higher administration people. All six of these methods not just require to be set up but they must be adopted and enforced as well by way of assessment and follow-up. In case even one of the controls isnt set up in that case the opportunity may become open for unethical conduct. For instance, in case you dont specify duty by just having one individual accountable in that case it results in a lack of accountability if something is incorrect. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was put into operation in 2002 as a result of great number of unethical and fraudulent scenarios abounding in companies. This Act says that all publicly operated organizations should have noted internal fiscal controls in the organization. Organizations must submit an assessment of the effectiveness and value of their internal controls with their conclusion of year fiscal package. Regular outside audits are carried out to make sure compliance by the companies with this Act. In case violations are found anytime, penalties and fines might be enacted upon higher administration level people to include imprisonment. To conclude, over weeks 4 and 5 we have learned all about the ways of creating cash flow reports, the way to apply the 3 different ratios when deciding how nicely or lousy the organization is performing fiscally, the way to report journal entries of the issuance of stock and common stock and the way to announce and enter payments from dividends, and lastly the way to stay ethical in accounting and be in conformity with SOX.

Prevention and Treatment for TB at Arequipa Sanatorium :: Tuberculosis Health Medical Essays

Prevention and Treatment for TB at Arequipa Sanatorium Arequipa Sanatorium and its â€Å"pottery† for tuberculosis treatment was founded in 1911 in the town of Fairfax, Marin County in the Northern Bay Area of California. [1] It was from the outset a private enterprise initiated by Dr. Philip King Brown. On October 22, 1913, a twenty-one year old housewife weighing 111 pounds, was admitted to Arequipa for â€Å"coughing on exertion.† When she was discharged home on February 28, 1914, she had worked at Arequipa Pottery over 105 hours, and had earned four dollars and five cents for it. She never gained more than three pounds and was probably discharged more for her lack of ability to work, than for being â€Å"cured.† A month earlier, the nurse Superintendent at Arequipa had written a letter to the Associated Charities of San Francisco, saying that â€Å"unless (the woman) is able to earn her way in the pottery, I doubt that we will be able to maintain her at the Sanitarium any longer.† [2] This young woman’s experience with sanatorium treatment at Arequipa, underscores a contradiction in the treatment of tuberculosis in the Progressive Era. Arequipa means â€Å"Place of Rest,† and while enforced rest was fundamental to Brown’s regimen, he also considered work to be therapeutic. Requiring work from patients helped â€Å"solve† the problem of how women of â€Å"modest means† could avoid destitution from their illness. It also helped Brown financially support his enterprise. The contradiction of using both rest and work as treatment at Arequipa provides a window into the complexity of health and social reform in the Progressive Era. In The Tuberculosis Movement, Michael Teller notes that in the mid 1800s the notion of the hereditary origin of TB â€Å"darkened every hope of prevention or cure.†[3] In her 1996 cultural history Fevered Lives, Katherine Ott, argues that the acceptance of TB after Koch’s discovery of the tubercule bacillus in 1882, transformed â€Å"consumption† into the specific and more clearly defined diagnosis of â€Å"tuberculosis.† In fact, sufferers and the public experienced these two conditions as two separate but related diseases.[4] Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in the Progressive Era, included both older ideas of the disease as hereditary and the new understanding that the disease was infectious. Without effective medical treatment and without a modern understanding of the dormant and active phases of the disease, eugenic ideas about pre-disposition to TB coexisted with limited and mechanical ideas about infection control.

Art Three Main Types

Art: Representational, Abstract, and Nonrepresentational Art is a way to expression a memory, idea, and/or emotion. Art can come from the mind or you can draw it from another source such as media or nature. Art has very different meanings and attempts to get across to other in different ways. Art is virtually endless. Art can be be altered to look how the artist wants to make it appear or it can be made to look exactly as it appears in reality  . It is up to the artist to make the image as they desire. Artists usually do so by finding a type of art they are comfortable with doing.Some artists do not like to make art that looks like anything someone has seen before. There are hundreds of different categories of art. Those categories can fall into one of three main types. The three main types in which a piece of art can fall under are representational, abstract, and nonrepresentational. Representational art is art in which the artist attempts to capture the image exactly as it appear s. There are several different subcategories that fall under this such as realism and art made during the Renaissance.Artist who tend to make representational art usually are geared to think logically and analytically. Representational art contrasts with abstract art and nonrepresentational art. For instanse the Mona Lisa done by Leonardo Da Vinci is a work of representational art. It is a potrait done in oil to capture the image of Lisa Gherardini. Other works done by Leonardo Da Vinci are also representational. The picture captures what the artist sees in reality rather then what the artist want's to exaggerate upon.When trying to steer away from physical realities abstract art tends to cover the spectrum of emotions with shapes and lines. This art can vary on whether it contains things that are representation and things that are entirely nonrepresentational. This category of art is everything that falls in between representational art and nonrepresentational art. A great example would be just about any work done by Pablo Piccaso. Cubism is a sub form of abstract art, which is a type of art that Pablo Piccaso is known for.Cubism is when the artist uses geometric shapes to define their work of art in place of the natural organic shapes which would normally be made in representational art. However since the work still has some representation it is not entirely nonrepresentational which lands it in the abstract category. Art that makes no attempt to identify or represent something is called nonrepresentational art. This art does not depict any beings, places or things in the natural world. It is very much like abstract however there are absolutely no representations within this type of art.While the art is not intended to represent anything it usually appeals to emotions with the tone of colors and the way the artist uses their media. An example of this can be expressionism. However this type of art is tricky. Expressionism can also fall under the category of a bstract. Since abstract and nonrepresentational art can be closely related it is also easy to confuse the two. While expressionism shows a strong sense of emotions it can also have some representational items within it which allows it to fall into one of the two categories. Representational art can never be expressionism.Fighting Forms by Franz Marc is a good example of expressionistic nonrepresentational art. The artist makes a work from their desired media in order to produce an image or images they want to see in the world rather then allow it to remain in their head for no one to see. An artist usually uses a type of art that they can best relate to. There are sever different types of art to choose from but they all fall into one of three categories. Out of all the different categories of art all of them fall into three different types. They are representational, abstract, or nonrepresentational.

problem encounter by the fast food chain or restaurants

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM Introduction Problems are inevitable part of life. Each individual is facing many challenges or problems at different points of his/her life. These problems may help a person in different ways based on the perception of an individual or otherwise, may have negative impact on the person’s totality. According to Wikipedia, a problem is an obstacle, impediment, difficulty or challenge, or any situation that invites resolution; the resolution of which is recognized as a solution or contribution toward a known purpose or goal. In business and engineering, a problem is a difference between actual conditions and those that are required or desired. Often, the causes of a problem are not known, in which case root cause†¦show more content†¦4. What leadership styles do the managers of fast food chains and restaurants employ? 5. What are the problems encountered by selected fast food chains and restaurants in Batangas City in relation to: 5.1 financial aspect, 5.2 management aspect, 5.3 employees, and 5.4 customers? Significance of the Study The researchers believe that this study is important because fast food chains and restaurants play an important part in everyone’s life at present. First of all, this kind of business provides convenience and satisfaction in life. Think for example a person who is really hungry and needs to eat some food in the least possible time. Instead of using his time and remaining energy in cooking, he would rather prefer going to a fast food chain or restaurant to buy a delicious food that will give him additional satisfaction at an affordable cost. Second, fast food chains and restaurants aid in the improvement of the quality of life through the different jobs it provides. Nowadays, most of the employees working on fast food chains are students or the so-called ‘working students’. This study will be of great help to those persons interested to work on fast food chains or restaurants for it is important for them to know the problems presently encountered by these businesses so that they could properly carry out their responsibilities and take part in theShow MoreRelatedExecutive Summary : Th Е Food Industry1447 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary ThÐ µ food industry is a complex field that incorporates diverse enterprises. Accordingly, it entails agriculture, food packaging and distribution, food processing, legal and financial issues. Besides, the industry is highly fragile due to sensitivity of consumers to food items. The increased prevalence of food-related disorders and ailments triggers more concern on consumption of particular foods from certain outlets. Chipotle is one of the largest fast-casual restaurants in America. TheRead MoreHow to Improve Service Quality from Internal Control Perspective993 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction/Summary The fast food restaurant industry is highly competitive nowadays. It provides the same kinds of food around the world. Customers feel satisfied with short waiting time and low prices. And to guarantee the high quality services, it is important for companies to have an effective internal control of the restaurant. Yoshinoya, as one of the largest Japanese restaurant chain and global brand with more than 1,400 worldwide locations, announced four new restaurant openings in their coreRead MoreObesity Im Lovin It1292 Words   |  6 Pageswidespread availability of harmful junk foods and cheap fast foods, it is only becoming easier and easier for Americans to hurt their health. With over sixty million people affected by obesity, the numbers are only growing larger by the second. By definition, to be obese is to have a BMI (Body Mass Index) that is over thirty. And with many people, both young and old, eating out of control and rarely exercising, individuals are contracting harmful diseas es and health problems such as diabetes II, fatal heartRead MoreMcdonalds Ethical Issues1125 Words   |  5 Pagesethical criticism of the fast food giant, McDonald, in Europe. By referring to the case, the organizational ethical issues which are filled around McDonald consist of food health, ill-treatment of animals, exploitation of children, and destruction of rainforests. Besides, anti-globalization, anti-American, anti-McDonald’s activism, and Europe governments had also been the concerns and ethical challenges for the fast food giant. First of all, we will touch the field of food health. In this situationRead MoreMcdonalds Ethical Issues1140 Words   |  5 Pagesethical criticism of the fast food giant, McDonald, in Europe. By referring to the case, the organizational ethical issues which are filled around McDonald consist of food health, ill-treatment of animals, exploitation of children, and destruction of rainforests. Besides, anti-globalization, anti-American, anti-McDonald’s activism, and Europe governments had also been the concerns and ethical challenges for the fast food giant. First of all, we will touch the field of food health. In this situationRead MoreMarketing Report : Mcdonald s Family917 Words   |  4 Pageswas founded by Raymond Albert Croc in 1940. The first ever store was built in 1955 which was situated Des Plaines, Illinois. The McDonald’s headquarters in also located in Illinois. McDonalds turned into the biggest restaurant business in the world. There are now over 30000 restaurants that serve 47 million customers in more than 121 countries. The marketing concept is the philosophy that companies must analyse the needs of their consumers and make choices to fulfil these needs, better than theirRead MorePersuasive Speech : The Benefits Of Fast Food1400 Words   |  6 Pagesthey are healthy, but in fact healthy food is not as healthy as it may appear. Are you really going to eat something that’s green? Last time I checked, green means it’s rotten. Nowadays we need something quick. We dont have time to cook something heal thy. Fast food is a convenience because we don’t have to prepare it ourselves. The faster you can get high amounts of calories into your body, the more energized and happy you will be. Switching to fast food is not only quick, cheap and easy, butRead MorePhysical Distribution and Logistics of Mcdonalds1182 Words   |  5 PagesPHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION AND LOGISTICS A company the size of McDonalds requires the value chain to be increasingly important. Not only does McDonalds want to add value for the customers, but also the firm looks for ways to improve the operations that makes McDonalds a more efficient business .McDonalds is constantly striving to add value to the firm for their customers, and in doing so, the firm has created efficiency in getting the products to the customers quickly and as fresh as possibleRead MoreJollibee Company Case Study1079 Words   |  5 PagesMagnolia Ice Cream parlor in Cubao.. THE ORGANIZATION Jollibee Foods Corporation is the parent company of Jollibee, a fast-food restaurant chain based in the Philippines. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE JOLLIBEE LA UNION 3 Bryan G. Heruela RM (Restaurant Manager) or TQA (Total Quality Assurance) Joan Decena ARM 1 (Assistant Restaurant Manager 1) or PQM (Production Quality Manager) Vince Laraya ARM 2 (Assistant Restaurant Manager 2) or SQM (Service Quality Manager)    VISION ToRead MoreCase Study - Kfc China Strategies1303 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 1 Introduction Since KFC opened the first outlet in Beijing in 1987, the fast-food giant has occupied its dominant position in China(Bell and Shelman 2011). As KFC expands rapidly in China, it formulates specific strategy aiming to Chinese customers and accomplishes unprecedented success. Among all the strategies, the localization strategy and the different operation management contribute significantly. While analyzing such strategies, benefits and weakness both emerge and some questions

Bilingualism - Definition and Examples

Bilingualism is the ability of an individual or the members of a community to use two languages effectively. Adjective: bilingual. Monolingualism refers to the ability to use a single language. The ability to use multiple languages is known as multilingualism. More than half of the  worlds population is bilingual or  multilingual: 56% of Europeans are bilingual, while 38% of the population in Great Britain, 35% in Canada, and 17% in the United States are bilingual, per statistics referenced in Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. Etymology From the Latin, two tongue Examples and Observations Bilingualism as the NormAccording to The Handbook of Bilingualism, Bilingualism—more generally, multilingualism—is a major fact of life in the world today. To begin with, the worlds estimated 5,000 languages are spoken in the worlds 200 sovereign states (or 25 languages per state), so that communication among the citizens of many of the worlds countries clearly requires extensive bi- (if not multi-)lingualism. In fact, [British linquist] David Crystal (1997) estimates that two-thirds of the worlds children grow up in a bilingual environment. Considering only bilingualism involving English, the statistics that Crystal has gathered indicate that, of the approximately 570 million people worldwide who speak English, over 41 percent or 235 million are bilingual in English and some other language.... One must conclude that, far from being exceptional, as many lay people believe, bilingualism/multilingualism—which, of course, goes hand in hand with multiculturalism in m any cases—is currently the rule throughout the world and will become increasingly so in the future. Global MultilingualismThe political history of the 19th and 20th centuries and the ideology of one state—one nation—one language have given rise to the idea that monolingualism has always been the default or normal case in Europe and more or less a precondition for political loyalty. Facing this situation, it has been overlooked that the vast majority of the worlds population—in whatever form or conditions—is multilingual. This is quite obvious when we look at the linguistic maps of Africa, Asia or Southern America at any given time, according to Kurt Braunmà ¼ller and Gisella Ferraresi, editors of the book, Aspects of Multilingualism in European Language. Individual and Societal BilingualismPer the Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education, Bilingualism exists as a possession of an individual. It is also possible to talk about bilingualism as a characteristic of a group or community of people [societal bilingualism]. Bilinguals and multilinguals are most often located in groups, communities or in a particular region (e.g. Catalans in Spain).... [C]o-existing languages may be in a process of rapid change, living in harmony or one rapidly advancing at the cost of the other, or sometimes in conflict. Where many language minorities exist, there is often language shift.... Foreign Language Instruction in the U.S.According to language research consultant Ingrid Pufahl, For decades, U.S. policymakers, business leaders, educators, and research organizations have decried our students’ lack of foreign language skills and called for better language instruction. Yet, despite these calls for action, we have fallen further behind the rest of the world in preparing our students to communicate effectively in languages other than English.I believe the main reason for this disparity is that foreign languages are treated by our public education system as less important than math, science, and English. In contrast, E.U. governments expect their citizens to become fluent in at least two languages plus their native tongue. . . .[F]oreign language instruction in the U.S. is frequently considered a luxury, a subject taught to college-bound students, more frequently in affluent than poor school districts, and readily cut when math or reading test scores drop or bud get cuts loom. Sources Colin Baker, Colin and Sylvia Prys Jones. Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters, 1998. Bhatia, Tej K. and William C. Ritchie. Introduction. The Handbook of Bilingualism. Blackwell, 2006. Braunmà ¼ller, Kurt and Gisella Ferraresi. Introduction. Aspects of Multilingualism in European Language History. John Benjamins, 2003. Cortes, Carlos E. Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. Sage Publications, 2013. Pufahl, Ingrid. How Europe Does It. The New York Times, February 7, 2010.

Personal Characteristics Of Special Education And Literacy...

P = Personal characteristics My passion is working with children which, by natural result, fosters an array of opportunities to demonstrate my on-the-spot resourcefulness, adaptability, and flexibility. My work in special education and literacy intervention allows me to express the great amounts of compassion that I hold for the children and families I work with, while maintaining a conscientious and professional rapport with both clients and co-workers. In addition to insinuating my deep-rooted values in both my education and the well-being of others, my adept and consistent academic record, which spans a wide variety of subjects, showcases my extraordinary self- motivation and self-drive. E = Experiences Although I have a long history in leadership and management, I have spent the last few years focusing my efforts in the field of education and educational leadership. After graduating with my Associates degree I began teaching in elementary education and preschool classrooms to typically developing children while pursuing my Bachelor’s degree. As I expand my repertoire to encompass the world of behavioral science and behavior analysis, I am also building experience through volunteer work in special needs classrooms working with children with autism, developmental delays, and other various learning and behavioral challenges. The last few years spent working with children has given me a great insight into the inner-workings of small humans. Not only have I learned toShow MoreRelatedClassroom Behavior Management For African American Students1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. Department of Education reports that an African American child is one and a half times more likely to be placed in a classroom for children with emotional disturbances than a White child (Children’s Defense Fund, 2011). I have observed that many of these students are often disengaged during literacy instruction. As a result, these students present literacy inadequacies in addition to behavioral challenges. Incorporating culturally responsive pedagogy and interventions across all content areasRead MoreMultiple Roles Of X Secondary School883 Words   |  4 Pagesinclusion in education, learning support teacher may take on multiple roles in secondary school setting, apart from providing support in planning and implementing the learning and teaching adaptations. Case Manager A learning support teacher may be a case manager who runs a learning support program or unit. A case manager’s primarily responsible is to promote and facilitate inclusion within the school. Case managers should be responsible for managing verification processes of students with special needsRead MoreGrade 12 National Assessment Of Educational Progress6761 Words   |  28 Pagesand graduation rates are published, it is difficult to deny that U.S. middle and high school students are in need of special literacy and/or mathematics supports to reverse the current trends. In 2003, a commission established by the National Assessment Governing Board (Governing Board) to review and make suggestions about indicators of academic preparedness for postsecondary education and training recommended the use of the grade 12 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP, 2014). A combinationRead MoreClassroom Management and Pull-out Services: Research questions and Personal View on the Research Topic1706 Words   |  7 Pagestopic. In short, I compiled research and empirical studies on classroom management--the importance and influence it has on the everyday, overall functioning of the classroom and techniques and characteristics for effective classroom management, classroom management and its relation to students with special needs--the influence routine and structure have on students with disabilities and developmental delays, and finally pull-out services--what they are and the benefits and drawbacks of implementingRead MoreImpact of Print Media on Society10439 Words   |  42 PagesTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DOVE EVOLUTION FILM AS A ONE-SHOT MEDIA LITERACY TREATMENT by DANIEL AARON WHEELER A.A. Alabama Christian College 1979 B.A. Western Illinois University 1989 M.A. University of Alabama 1994 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Studies in the College of Education at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2009 Major Professors: Cynthia J. HutchinsonRead MoreCurrent Issues and Trends in Assessment in Early Childhood Education6428 Words   |  26 PagesEarly Childhood Education The 1980s brought a new reform movement in education, accompanied by a new emphasis on testing. The effort to improve education at all levels included the use of standardized tests to provide accountability for what students are learning. 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From the first day or first grade up to now, I have become a success st udent, which I can’t wait to become teacherRead MoreSupporting the Development of English Literacy in English Language Learners22851 Words   |  92 PagesSUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH LITERACY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Key Issues and Promising Practices Diane August August Associates Report No. 61 February 2003 This report was published by the Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk (CRESPAR), a national research and development center supported by a grant (No. R-117-D40005) from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), U.S. Department of Education. The content or opinions expressed hereinRead MoreThe Importance of Literacy Attainment in Primary Education5055 Words   |  21 PagesWhy the government are driving to ensure literacy is a main priority, especially reading by six years of age. The importance of this and the effects on the child, parents, teachers and society. Abstract This paper attempts to analyse why the government are working so hard at ensuring all our primary children are reading by the age of six. The importance of this and the effect on children, teachers and society. It is well documented that reading is one of the most important abilities studentsRead MoreInstruction in Integrated Environments for Students With Down Syndrome1977 Words   |  8 Pageson the students strengths and minimize their weaknesses. This paper discusses successful strategies that are adaptable to the education of students with Down syndrome in integrated educational environments. The integrated instruction advantage. Studies comparing the performance and wellbeing of children with Down syndrome in integrated environments and special education placements consistently find that the children learn more and experience more social acceptance in mainstream settings (Archer

Reason vs Passion free essay sample

The view that reason is the superior principle and it causes an action is a fallacy. Having said this, Reason alone can never cause action. What really causes an action is a Passion to act according to what you desire to do. Reason however can be a passion’s or desire’s guide to discover the connection of the causes and effects. Reasoning as is what takes place in our mind and works in terms of experience or as a copy of a late event isn’t really what can cause an action. But since passion or desire takes place in a real world surely is the one that causes action. Reason guides the impulse to act. The fact that reason makes judgements using demonstration which never influence us to act but otherwise guide our action or the causes and effects it is not subjected to cause action. If for example in my reasoning I want to cross the road. In reasoning that I have to crossing the road, reason doesn’t tell me that there are speeding cars in the road and therefore I should wait for them. But for the fact that it is my desire not to get hit by a car I will have to wait until the cars have stopped then I can cross over. Now for the fact that it is my passion or desire not to be hit by a car it states it clear that passion have caused the whole action of crossing the road. My actions have been experimented in the real world according to my desire of crossing the road not only reason about crossing over. Passion is the cause of action. This is because whatever I desire results to the effects that I have expected. If I’m passionate to pass PHIL203 examination, then studying hard is the action that caused by the desire to pass. For I have reasoned in my mind that if I don’t study hard then I will fail, it is therefore my desire not to fail and I should study hard. The reason has been taken into account to direct or guide my action but the actual action has been caused by my desire or passion of not wanting to fail or of wanting to pass. So reason alone can never oppose passion or a desire or it can never prevent the choice of decision (volition) resulted from the will or even to question nor challenge any of my desires or passion. The reason therefore will always be seen to be the assistant or a slave of passion since it is ought to guide or direct our actions and discover the causes and effects while passion is causing the real action. But you got to have a reason to act then a passion can come in to bring the reason into real action. We just have to align with the reason why we have to act, have passion to desire or act at the centre of the reasoning idea, obey and serve our reason. But then again, we shouldn’t be ambushed that reason alone causes action because reason is just an idea in our minds and passion or desire is a real action that is taking place. If for example I have failed PHIL101 examination due to not studying hard then I have an experience of how dangerous it could be not to study. The reason doesn’t force me to study due to the experience I have or a copy of the last event or experience that resulted in not studying hard. This is so because reason is just a copy of an experience and it doesn’t influence me to act. But since reason have discovered the causes and effect and those causes and effects are effecting me I then desire not to be affected by those causes and effect and become passionate or make it my desire to pass the exam then studying is an act of passing for if I desire to pass therefore I should study which states it clear that passion is the cause of an action and a reason as the director. Passion is an original existence which means it is not based on experienced. Passion is not an idea in mind of what has happened before but it is a real event or action that takes place in a real world at any point in time. If for example I’m happy that I have passed PHIL203 examination, that emotion is not a copy or reference of any other object e. g. buying an Apple laptop. There is therefore no way in which a passion can be opposed or be contradictory to the truth or reason unless there are ideas that are not in favour or that are contradictory to the actual or real object they present. This could happen if I for example fear the effects of objects that haven’t or doesn’t exist e.g. fear to fail PHIL203 but not even registered for PHIL203 which means I fear of writing the exam of which I believe that I will write but that I will not write at all maybe again because I didn’t get a DP. In this case the belief is unreasonable not that the passion is. This is because if I have a belief of an effect to be caused by an action of which that effect will no longer take place because there was never a cause of that effect in the first place then belief becomes unreasonable since there was never a cause of any action that would lead to a strongly believed effect. The belief of writing an examination is unreasonable if I’m not registered for the module. If we reason incorrectly about causes and effects then it can lead to our passion being unreasonable again. If there is no false belief or incorrect reasoning about causes and effects then there is no way a passion can be unreasonable. If then I’m registered for PHIL203, got a DP, studying hard, have an experience of what happens if I don’t study hard then there is no way in which passion can be unreasonable therefore it is impossible for passion and reason to oppose each other for the control of will and action. If Stefan denies me a DP then my desire or a belief of writing an exam stops then I shouldn’t bother studying. This means if the belief is false then I must stop caring about an action I desired to take. There are those desires that don’t produce any strongly felt emotion. These kinds of desires concerned the most with what really happening or going on into our minds. It has been argued that these desires are the same as reason but that is quit not true. For the fact that it takes place in our minds doesn’t mean that it doesn’t cause an action. If it was reason alone it wasn’t going to cause any action but for the fact that it is a desire but a calm one, it is subjected to cause action. I don’t really care if my friends fail PHIL203 examination but it is not my desire to see my friends failing. Now for that calm desire I have in mind will cause an action whereby I form a study group with my friends. But then again in the opposite of calm desires there are those desires which produce a strongly felt emotion. These desires are violent in nature. If I have failed PHIL203 examination knowing exactly that I have studied hard and the paper was easy for me will cause an action of being angry with whoever marked my paper and I might even want to see my examination script. Whatever a situation might be a reason will never influence a cause of action but the Passion and the desires we have are the one that cause action. Reason will be a guide or a slave of passion.